Who's who in court
A courtroom can feel overwhelming when you do not know anyone. Here is every role you might encounter, what they do, and a practical tip for each one.
Filter by court to see only the roles you might meet there, or browse them all. Tap any card to reveal a “good to know” tip.
Judge
District Judge, Circuit Judge, or High Court Judge
The judge runs the hearing, listens to both sides, and makes decisions. In the Family Court this is usually a District Judge who wears a suit (no wig or robes). In the High Court (Family Division), a High Court Judge wears robes and a wig and sits on a raised bench.
Good to know
You address a District Judge as "Sir" or "Madam." For a Circuit Judge, use "Your Honour." For a High Court Judge, use "My Lord" or "My Lady." If you forget, nobody will hold it against you.
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Magistrates
Panel of 3 volunteer Justices of the Peace
Magistrates are volunteers from the local community. They don't need a legal qualification. They sit in panels of three and are advised on the law by a legal adviser (a qualified lawyer who sits with them).
Good to know
Magistrates handle the vast majority of criminal cases. They also deal with some family matters, especially in areas without a dedicated family court building.
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Barrister
Specialist courtroom advocate
A barrister is a specialist advocate who speaks on behalf of a party in court. They are hired for specific hearings, usually instructed by a solicitor. In the High Court (Family Division) they wear a gown and wig. In the Family Court they wear a suit.
Good to know
If the other side has a barrister and you do not, the judge is aware of the imbalance. Judges often give litigants in person extra time and explain things more carefully.
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Solicitor
Your ongoing legal representative
A solicitor manages your case day to day. They handle paperwork, advise you on strategy, prepare documents, and instruct a barrister when one is needed. They can also represent you in court, though barristers are more common for contested hearings.
Good to know
You can instruct a solicitor for just one part of your case (called "unbundled" or "limited scope" representation). This can be more affordable than hiring them for everything.
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Common question
What is the difference between a barrister and a solicitor?
Solicitor
- ✓ Manages your case day to day
- ✓ Handles paperwork and correspondence
- ✓ Gives you legal advice
- ✓ Instructs the barrister
- ✓ You deal with them directly
Barrister
- ✓ Specialist courtroom advocate
- ✓ Speaks to the judge on your behalf
- ✓ Hired for specific hearings
- ✓ Usually instructed by your solicitor
- ✓ Expert in presenting arguments
Think of it this way: a solicitor is like your GP (ongoing relationship, handles everything), while a barrister is like a specialist consultant (brought in for specific procedures). You can sometimes instruct a barrister directly through "direct access," which can be more affordable.
Court clerk / Usher
Manages the courtroom
The court clerk (or usher) manages the practical running of the courtroom. They call cases, administer oaths, pass documents to the judge, and keep things moving. They are often the first person you speak to when you arrive.
Good to know
The usher is your friend. If you're not sure where to go, what to do, or when your case will be heard, ask them. They are used to helping people who are new to court.
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Legal adviser
Advises magistrates on the law
In magistrates' court, a legal adviser (sometimes called a court legal adviser or justices' clerk) sits with the magistrates and advises them on points of law, procedure, and sentencing guidelines. They are legally qualified, unlike the magistrates themselves.
Good to know
The legal adviser does not make decisions. They advise the magistrates, who then make the decision themselves. If you hear the legal adviser speaking, they are explaining the law, not deciding your case.
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McKenzie Friend
Lay helper who sits with you in court
A McKenzie Friend is someone who sits with you in court to provide moral support, take notes, help organise your papers, and quietly offer suggestions. They are not a lawyer and cannot speak to the judge on your behalf (unless the judge gives special permission).
Good to know
Some McKenzie Friends charge fees, but there is no regulation. Be cautious about paying large sums. A good friend or family member can act as your McKenzie Friend for free. You need to tell the court in advance that you're bringing one.
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Cafcass officer
Works with children and families
Cafcass (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service) officers work with children and families to advise the court on what's in a child's best interests. They carry out safeguarding checks and may prepare reports (called Section 7 reports) for the judge.
Good to know
The Cafcass officer is not on either parent's side. Their job is to represent the child's interests. Their report carries significant weight with the judge.
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Support Through Court volunteer
Free, independent support
Support Through Court (formerly the Personal Support Unit) provides free, independent help for litigants in person. Their volunteers can help you fill in forms, understand court procedures, and accompany you to your hearing. They do not give legal advice.
Good to know
Not every court has a Support Through Court office, but many do. Check their website before your hearing. If they are at your court, they are one of the most helpful resources available and it's completely free.
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Applicant / Claimant
The person who started the case
The applicant (in family cases) or claimant (in civil cases) is the person who started the proceedings by filing an application with the court. In criminal cases, the prosecution brings the case on behalf of the state.
Good to know
Being the applicant does not mean the court thinks you are "right." It simply means you were the one who filed the application. The judge treats both sides equally.
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Respondent / Defendant
The person responding to the case
The respondent (in family cases) or defendant (in criminal cases) is the person the case has been brought against. They respond to the application and put their side to the court.
Good to know
Being the respondent does not put you at a disadvantage. The court considers both sides equally. You have every right to present your case fully.
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Litigant in person
Someone representing themselves (probably you)
A litigant in person (LIP) is anyone who represents themselves in court without a lawyer. This is increasingly common, especially in family court. Judges are trained to help LIPs understand the process and will usually explain things more carefully.
Good to know
You are not at a disadvantage just because you don't have a lawyer. Judges are required to ensure a fair hearing. Prepare thoroughly, be respectful, and focus on the facts. Many people successfully represent themselves every day.
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Related guides
Courtroom layout
Interactive floor plans showing where everyone sits in each type of court.
Representing yourself
How to address the judge, present evidence, and handle cross-examination without a lawyer.
Back to the courts hub
Understanding the court system: three court types, roles, and what to expect on the day.
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